Sports medicine (Auckland, N.Z.) · 2026 · 系統性回顧＋統合分析（依標題推測）
The Effect of Carbohydrate Intake on Muscle Hypertrophy: A Systematic Review and Meta-analysis
代謝・營養・內分泌 · 運動營養
中文閱讀摘要
統合分析顯示，等氮條件下增加碳水化合物攝取對肌肉肥大無顯著影響，但證據確信度低。
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原始摘要
Background
High-carbohydrate diets are often recommended to enhance resistance training-induced muscle hypertrophy; however, the isolated effect of carbohydrate intake on muscle growth has not been systematically analyzed outside ketogenic diet conditions.
Objective
This meta-analysis aimed to assess whether a higher carbohydrate intake influences muscle hypertrophy under isonitrogenous conditions.
Methods
A systematic search was conducted in the MEDLINE, SPORTDiscus, SciELO, and Google Scholar databases to identify randomized controlled trials comparing higher with lower carbohydrate intakes, whether via supplementation or diet, during resistance training in healthy adults with a measure of muscle size as an outcome. The search was last updated on 26 June, 2025. A random-effects model was used to meta-analyze standardized mean difference (SMD) scores according to Preferred Reporting Items for Systematic Reviews and Meta-Analyses (PRISMA) guidelines. Heterogeneity was assessed using χ 2 , T 2 , I 2 , and prediction intervals. Risk of bias was assessed using the Cochrane risk-of-bias (RoB2) tool. The certainty of evidence was assessed using the Grading of Recommendations Assessment, Development and Evaluation (GRADE) approach. Study quality was assessed using the Assessment of Study Quality and Reporting in Exercise (TESTEX) scale.
Results
Eleven studies met the inclusion criteria. A pooled analysis revealed no significant effect of carbohydrate intake on muscle hypertrophy (SMD = 0.15, p = 0.23), with negligible heterogeneity across studies. Sensitivity analyses confirmed the robustness of the findings, and no evidence of publication bias was detected. Subgroup analyses limited to isocaloric trials (SMD = 0.15, p = 0.60) and those employing direct imaging of muscle size (e.g., ultrasound) also yielded non-significant results (SMD = - 0.26 based on only two studies). TESTEX study quality ranged from fair to good with an average score of 9.8 out of 15, but GRADE certainty of evidence was low (2/4) because of imprecision and a moderate risk of bias.
Conclusions
A higher carbohydrate intake may not independently enhance muscle hypertrophy during resistance training, though certainty of evidence is low. Future studies should employ stricter energy intake control and utilize direct morphological assessments to clarify the role of carbohydrate intake independent of total energy balance.
Clinical trial registration
PROSPERO CRD42024589461.
至 Europe PMC 閱讀完整來源 ↗ · 擷取日期 2026-10-19
書目、來源與全文狀態
- DOI
- 10.1007/s40279-025-02341-z
- PMID／PMCID
- 41712097 / PMC13018098
- 作者
- Henselmans M, Vårvik FT, Izquierdo M
- 首次發表日期
- 2026-02-19Europe PMC 提供，部分日期可能依年份或月份推定。
- 卷／期／頁碼或文章編號
- 56 ／ 3 ／ 691-702
- 書目來源與查核日期
- Europe PMC · 2026-10-19僅核對書目欄位與來源連結；不代表已評讀研究品質。
- 全文與授權
- 來源列有免費全文（查核 2026-10-19），未逐篇測試 PDF 下載。 來源授權標示：cc by。
可回溯引用
Henselmans M, Vårvik FT, Izquierdo M. The Effect of Carbohydrate Intake on Muscle Hypertrophy: A Systematic Review and Meta-analysis. Sports medicine (Auckland, N.Z.). 2026;56(3):691-702. PMID: 41712097. PMCID: PMC13018098. doi:10.1007/s40279-025-02341-z
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